***** OPEN OUTPUT LOG FILE  *****



log using "C:\Users\hongj\Dropbox\Administration of UI Programs in the American States (Ji-Hyeun Hong)\Administrative Inequality Bias (Paper #1)\Data Replication File Materials (JPART)\Output\Administrative Bias.APPENDIX B.02-01-2026.smcl", replace


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**** APPENDIX B: ANALYZING SUB-MECHANISMS -- ALTERNATIVE MEASURES OF GUBERNATORIAL PARTISAN APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY ENCOMPASSING ONLY UNILATERAL [ACTUAL AND EFFECTIVE] VERSUS NON-UNILATERAL GUBERNATORIAL CONTROL OVER THE APPOINTMENT PROCESS  [JULY 2025] ****





** ACTUAL UNILATERAL CONTROL: NO FORMAL CHECK ON GOVERNORS' APPOINTMENT POWERS OVER STATE UI AGENCY HEADS  **


** EFFECTIVE UNILATERAL CONTROL: NO INSTITUTIONAL CHECK ON GOVERNORS' APPOINTMENT POWERS OVER STATE UI AGENCY HEADS BASED UPON GOVERNOR AND APPROVAL LEGISLATIVE BODY(IES) BETING CONTROLLED BY THE SAME PARTY **



** THEREFORE, COMBINE BOTH ACTUAL AND EFFECTIVE UNILATERAL CONTROL INTO SAME CLASSIFICATION BUT DISTINGUISH FROM INSTANCES WHERE GOVERNORS HAVE DIRECT APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY BUT FACE A POTENTIAL FORMIDBALE CHECK DUE TO OPPOSITION CONTROL OF 'APPROVAL' BODY [I.E., LEGISLATIVE CHAMBER(S)] **



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*** Retrieve "ADMINISTRATIVE BIAS" MANUSCRIPT Statistical Database [07-07-2025]  ***

use "C:\Users\hongj\Dropbox\Administration of UI Programs in the American States (Ji-Hyeun Hong)\Administrative Inequality Bias (Paper #1)\Data Replication File Materials (JPART)\Data\Admin_Bias.MANUSCRIPT DATABASE.07-07-2025.dta", clear





*** SET DATA TO PANEL STRUCTURE  ***

xtset state_numident year, yearly

*
*
*


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* Task: Revising the new pair of "effective unilateral" gubernatorial direct appointment measures: gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B and gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B
* Date: 07/05/2025
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*******************************************************************
//* 1. New Variable 'gubapptauth_rescaled3new': Alternative version of gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3

tab adminselect_code apptmethod_1

gen gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B =.

* [CATEGORY '0'] First, all '0's from the original variable 'gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3' remains the same.

count if apptmethod_1 <=7 |govparty_num==0

replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B =0 if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3 ==0

**********************************************************************
* [CATEGORY '2'] Republican governor | No formal/effective institutional check from legislature in terms of advise and consent confirmation powers
count if adminselect_code=="G" & govparty_num==-1
replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B=2 if adminselect_code=="G" & govparty_num==-1

** GB (apptmethod_1==9)
count if adminselect_code=="GB" & govparty_num==-1
replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B=2 if adminselect_code=="GB" & govparty_num==-1 & government_cont==-1

** GC (apptmethod_1==10)
count if adminselect_code=="GC" & govparty_num==-1

replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B=2 if adminselect_code=="GC" & govparty_num==-1 

** GE (apptmethod_1==11)
** NOTE: ALL REPUBLICAN GOVERNORS UNDER ADMINSELECT_CODE "GE" HAVE SENATE AND/OR HOUSE MAJORITIES.
count if adminselect_code=="GE" & govparty_num==-1

replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B=2 if adminselect_code=="GE" & govparty_num==-1 

** GLS (apptmethod_1==12)
count if adminselect_code=="GLS" & govparty_num==-1

replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B=2 if adminselect_code=="GLS" & govparty_num==-1 & government_cont==-1

** GS (apptmethod_1==13)
count if adminselect_code=="GS" & govparty_num==-1

replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B=2 if adminselect_code=="GS" & govparty_num==-1 & sen_dem_prop_all<0.50

**********************************************************************

* [CATEGORY '1'] Republican governor | Institutional check from legislature in terms of advise and consent confirmation powers

count if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==. & gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3 ==1
replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B=1 if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==. & gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3 ==1

**********************************************************************

* [CATEGORY '4'] Democratic governor | No formal/effective institutional check from legislature in terms of advise and consent confirmation powers

count if adminselect_code=="G" & govparty_num==1

replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B=4 if adminselect_code=="G" & govparty_num==1


** GB (apptmethod_1==9)
count if adminselect_code=="GB" & govparty_num==1

replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B=4 if adminselect_code=="GB" & govparty_num==1 & government_cont==1

** GC (apptmethod_1==10)
count if adminselect_code=="GC" & govparty_num==1

replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B=4 if adminselect_code=="GC" & govparty_num==1 

** GE (apptmethod_1==11)
** NOTE: ALL DEMOCRATIC GOVERNORS UNDER ADMINSELECT_CODE "GE" HAVE SENATE AND/OR HOUSE MAJORITIES.
count if adminselect_code=="GE" & govparty_num==1

replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B=4 if adminselect_code=="GE" & govparty_num==1 

** GLS (apptmethod_1==12)
count if adminselect_code=="GLS" & govparty_num==1

replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B=4 if adminselect_code=="GLS" & govparty_num==1 & government_cont==1

** GS (apptmethod_1==13)
count if adminselect_code=="GS" & govparty_num==1

replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B=4 if adminselect_code=="GS" & govparty_num==1 & sen_dem_prop_all>0.50

**********************************************************************

* [CATEGORY '3'] Democratic governor | Institutional check from legislature in terms of advise and consent confirmation powers

count if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==. & gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3==2

replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B=3 if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==. & gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3==2

*
*
*
tab gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3 gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B

*
*
*
*
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//* 2. New Variable 'gubapptauth_rescaled4D': Alternative version of gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4


* [CATEGORY '0'] First, all '0's from the original variable 'gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4' remains the same.
gen  gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B=0 if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4==0 

* [CATEGORY '1'] Republican/Democratic governor has neither formal nor effective direct appointment authority (e.g., confirming body is controlled by the opposite party)

replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B=1 if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1 | gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3 

* [CATEGORY '2'] Republican/Democratic governor has either formal/effective direct appointment authority

replace gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B=2 if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2 | gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4 


*
*
*
tab gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4 gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B

 

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*** COMPUTE WITHIN-STATE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS SINCE MODEL ESTIMATES ARE WITHIN-STATE EFFECTS *** 

*

* compute descriptive statistics & correlations for overall measure and within-state measures for each dependent variable *
 
sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal, detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal
*
*
sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit, detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if nonpartisan_gubapprove!=1
*
*
*
*

* compute interquartile range difference (change from 25th percentile values to 75th percentile values) for above within-state measures [FULL SAMPLE] *

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,017,598   
display   590808 -  -2426790 


* compute interquartile range difference (change from 25th percentile values to 75th percentile values) for above within-state measures [RESTRICTED SAMPLE] *

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,173,463.5   
display  590394.5 -  -2583069
*
*


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*** COMPUTE WITHIN-STATE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS SINCE MODEL ESTIMATES ARE WITHIN-STATE EFFECTS [DIRECT GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT REGIME SUBSAMPLE] *** 


* compute descriptive statistics & correlations for overall measure and within-state measures for each dependent variable [DIRECT GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT REGIME SUBSAMPLE] *
 
sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==1, detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==1

* Set Global Macro of IQR
sum w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==1, detail
global amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled4b_1 = round(r(p75),1)-round(r(p25),1)
di $amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled4b_1


* 
*
*


sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==1, detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==1 & nonpartisan_gubapprove!=1



* Set Global Macro of IQR
sum w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==1, detail
global amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled4b_1 = round(r(p75),1)-round(r(p25),1)
di $amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled4b_1
*
*
*
*
*

* compute interquartile range difference (change from 25th percentile values to 75th percentile values) for above within-state measures [DIRECT GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT REGIME SUBSAMPLE] *

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,581,451.8 [FULL SAMPLE]  
display  625831.8  -  -2955620 

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,538,831.4 [RESTRICTED SAMPLE]  
display  583211.4 -   -2955620


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* compute descriptive statistics & correlations for overall measure and within-state measures for each dependent variable [DIRECT GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT REGIME SUBSAMPLE] *
 
sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==2, detail
correlate detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==2

* Set Global Macro of IQR
sum w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==2, detail
global amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled4b_2 = round(r(p75),1)-round(r(p25),1)
di $amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled4b_2

*

sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==2 , detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==2

* Set Global Macro of IQR
sum w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==2, detail
global amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled4b_2 = round(r(p75),1)-round(r(p25),1)
di $amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled4b_2
*
*
*
*
*

* compute interquartile range difference (change from 25th percentile values to 75th percentile values) for above within-state measures [DIRECT GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT REGIME SUBSAMPLE] *

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,080,511.5 [FULL SAMPLE]  
display  609242.5  - -2471269


* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,086,020.3 [RESTRICTED SAMPLE] 
display  614751.3  -    -2471269




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** Compute interquartile range difference for within-state claimant error detection total counts

* [gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==1 (Direct (Binary), Constrained)]
* [Full Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==1, detail
global ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled4b_1 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled4b_1

* [Restricted Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==1 & nonpartisan_gubapprove!=1, detail
global ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled4b_1 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled4b_1

** Compute interquartile range difference for within-state claimant error detection total counts [gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==2 (Direct (Binary), Unconstrained)]
* [Full Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==2, detail
global ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled4b_2 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled4b_2


* [Restricted Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==2 & nonpartisan_gubapprove!=1, detail
global ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled4b_2 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled4b_2


** Compute interquartile range difference for within-state claimant error detection total counts [gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1 (Republican Constrained)]
* [Full Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1, detail
global ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_1 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_1

* [Restricted Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1 & nonpartisan_gubapprove!=1, detail
global ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_1 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_1


** Compute interquartile range difference for within-state claimant error detection total counts [gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2 (Republican Unconstrained)]
* [Full Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2, detail

global ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_2 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_2

* [Restricted Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2 & nonpartisan_gubapprove!=1, detail
global ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_2 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_2

** Compute interquartile range difference for within-state claimant error detection total counts [gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3 (Democratic Constrained)]
* [Full Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3, detail

global ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_3 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_3

* [Restricted Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3 & nonpartisan_gubapprove!=1, detail

global ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_3 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_3

** Compute interquartile range difference for within-state claimant error detection total counts [gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4 (Democratic Unconstrained)]
* [Full Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4, detail
global ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_4 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_4

* [Restricted Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4 & nonpartisan_gubapprove!=1, detail
global ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_4 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_4


** Compute interquartile range difference for within-state claimant error detection total counts [Rep-Dem Difference Constrained)]
* [Full Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1 |gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3 , detail

global ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_1or3 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_1or3

* [Restricted Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1 & nonpartisan_gubapprove!=1|gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3 & nonpartisan_gubapprove!=1, detail

global ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_1or3 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_1or3

** Compute interquartile range difference for within-state claimant error detection total counts [Rep-Dem Difference Unconstrained)]
* [Full Sample]

sum w_sai_detct_clmt if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2 | gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4 , detail

global ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_2or4 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_2or4

* [Restricted Sample]
sum w_sai_detct_clmt_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2 & nonpartisan_gubapprove!=1| gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4 & nonpartisan_gubapprove!=1, detail

global ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_2or4 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_2or4
*
*

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****  COMPARISON OF INEQUALITY BIAS IN ADMINISTRATIVE ERROR DETECTION BETWEEN TARGETING CLAIMANT OVERPAYMENTS -- BASELINE ADDITIVE MODELS [MODELS B1-B4]: DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN NON-PARTISAN AND PARTISAN DIRECT UNILATERAL GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY  **** 



*** NOTE: PERFORM PAIRWISE REGRESSIONS ON SAME GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY MEASURE "DETAMT_CLMTREAL" DEPENDENT VARIABLE  USING SUEST AND TESTING CROSS-EQUATION COEFFICIENT RESTRICTIONS [I.E., MODELS B1 & B2 / MODELS B3 & B4] ***








*** MODELS B1 & B2: BENEFIT OVERPAYMENT ERROR DETECTION BY STATE UIP AGENCY-INITIATION [CLAIMANT-/NON-FRAUD] -- AMOUNTS IN 2010 CONSTANT-DOLLAR TERMS - DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY: NON-PARTISAN DISTINCTIONS [THREE GROUP CATEGORICAL MEASURE] *  



*** NOTE: PERFORM PAIRWISE REGRESSIONS ON SAME GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY MEASURE BETWEEN "DETAMT_CLMTREAL" DEPENDENT VARIABLES [FULL SAMPLE OF OBSERVATIONS &  RESTRICTED SAMPLE OF OBSERVATIONS OMIT OBSERVATIONS CONTAINED IN BASELINE NON-GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY CATEGORY [APPROVAL, BUT NO DIRECT GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY (N = 42) & NON-PARTISAN GOVERNOR OBSERVATIONS (N = 5)] [I.E., MODELS B1 & B2 / MODELS B3 & B4] ***








*** MODELS B1 & B2: CLAIMANT OVERPYAMENT ADMMINISTRATIVE ERROR DETECTION AMOUNTS IN CONSTANT-DOLLAR TERMS - DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY: NON-PARTISAN DISTINCTIONS [THREE GROUP CATEGORICAL MEASURE] *  



*** NON-PARTISAN BASELINE MODELS [MODELS B1 & B2]: DISTINCTION BETWEEN GUBERNATORIAL DIRECT APPOINTMENT POWERS VERSUS ABSENCE OF SUCH INSTITUTIONAL POWERS [BINARY INDICATOR MEASURE] ***
*** gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==0 [ABSENCE OF DIRECT GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT POWERS] &  gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==1 [DIRECT GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT POWERS] ***





*** ESTIMATION OF MODELS B1 & B2 *** 


** MODEL B1 **

glm sai_detamt_clmtreal i.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B  electionyear econideol_median  publicunion_cov  unemp_rate  ln_uiadmin_budget_real ln_pop_size  ln_clmterror_est ln_employerappeals_ct  i.state_numident i.year,  family(normal) link(log) vce(cluster state_numident)
*
estat ic
*
*
estimate store mB1
*
*
*




** MODEL B2 **

glm sai_detamt_clmtreal  i.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B  electionyear    econideol_median  publicunion_cov  unemp_rate  ln_uiadmin_budget_real ln_pop_size  ln_clmterror_est ln_employerappeals_ct  i.state_numident i.year if nonpartisan_gubapprove!=1,  family(normal) link(log) vce(cluster state_numident)
*
estat ic
*
*
estimate store mB2
*
*
*

estimates dir


*






***** WITHIN-OVERPAYMENT ERROR DETECTION HYPOTHESES ******


*
*
*
*
*
*
*


** FIGURE B1 [TOP PORTION: GOV. DIRECT APPOINTMENT (BINARY)]: BASELINE UNCONDITIONAL APPOINTMENT MARGINAL EFFECTS [GOVERNORS HAVE "CONSTRAINED" DIRECT APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY: NO PARTISAN DISTINCTIONS] **

* Full Sample; Direct Appointment Authority (gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==1)
estimate restore mB1
lincom 1.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled4b_1
matrix mB1 = 2, 1, 1, 1, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled4b_1

* Restricted Sample; Direct Appointment Authority (gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B==1)
estimate restore mB2
lincom 1.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled4b_1
matrix mB2 = 3, 1, 2, 1, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled4b_1

*
*
*

** FIGURE B1 [TOP PORTION: GOV. DIRECT APPOINTMENT (BINARY)]: BASELINE UNCONDITIONAL APPOINTMENT MARGINAL EFFECTS [GOVERNORS HAVE "UNCONSTRAINED" DIRECT APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY: NO PARTISAN DISTINCTIONS] **

estimate restore mB1
lincom 2.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled4b_2
matrix mB3 = 4, 1, 1, 2, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled4b_2

*
estimate restore mB2
lincom 2.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B*3086019.8
lincom 2.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled4B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled4b_2
matrix mB4 = 5, 1, 2, 2, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled4b_2

*
*




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*** ANALYSES FOR MODELS 3 & 4 ***





* compute descriptive statistics & correlations for overall measure and within-state measures for each dependent variable [broken down by each appointment regime] *
 
 
* non-direct gubernatorial appointment regime [gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==0] * 
sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==0, detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==0
*
sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==0, detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==0
*
*
*

* compute interquartile range difference (change from 25th percentile values to 75th percentile values) for above within-state measures *

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $2,496,210.8 [FULL SAMPLE]    
display 489020.8  -   -2007190


* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $2,934,238 [RESTRICTED SAMPLE]  
display 453859   -  -2480379 
*
*

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*  Republican Constrained direct gubernatorial appointment regime [gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1] * 
sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1, detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1
*
sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1, detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1
*
*
*

* compute interquartile range difference (change from 25th percentile values to 75th percentile values) for above within-state measures *

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $2,121,275 [FULL SAMPLE]
display  946704 - -1174571  

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $2,206,516 [RESTRICTED SAMPLE]  
display  946704 - -1259812
*
*


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* Republican Unconstrained direct gubernatorial appointment regime [gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2] * 

sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2, detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2
*
sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2, detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2
*
*
*

* compute interquartile range difference (change from 25th percentile values to 75th percentile values) for above within-state measures *

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,196,565.5 [FULL SAMPLE] 
display 588948.5 - -2607617

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,144,459.5 [RESTRICTED SAMPLE] 
display 591840.5 -  -2552619 
*
*

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*  Democratic Constrained direct gubernatorial appointment regime [gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3] * 
sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3, detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3
*
sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3, detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3
*
*

* compute interquartile range difference (change from 25th percentile values to 75th percentile values) for above within-state measures *

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,587,974  [FULL SAMPLE]     
display   140194 - -3447780


* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,528,450.6  [RESTRICTED SAMPLE] 
display  80670.56 - -3447780 

*


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*  Democratic Unconstrained direct gubernatorial appointment regime [gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4] * 

sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4, detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4
*
sum sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4, detail
correlate sai_detamt_clmtreal  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4
*
*
*

* compute interquartile range difference (change from 25th percentile values to 75th percentile values) for above within-state measures *

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $2,994,951.9 [FULL SAMPLE] 
display  639389.9 -  -2355562

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,039,825.5 [RESTRICTED SAMPLE]  
display 684263.5 -  -2355562
*




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*** MODELS B3 & B4: PARTISAN BASELINE MODELS -- DISTINCTION BETWEEN DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN GUBERNATORIAL DIRECT APPOINTMENT POWERS VERSUS ABSENCE OF SUCH INSTITUTIONAL POWERS [FIVE GROUP CATEGORICAL MEASURE] ***


*** PARTISAN BASELINE MODELS: DISTINCTION BETWEEN DEMOCRATIC AND REPUBLICAN GUBERNATORIAL DIRECT APPOINTMENT POWERS VERSUS ABSENCE OF SUCH INSTITUTIONAL POWERS  [FIVE GROUP CATEGORICAL MEASURE] ***

*** gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==0 [ABSENCE OF DIRECT GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT POWERS] &  gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1 [REPUBLICAN DIRECT GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT POWERS: CONSTRAINED] &  gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2 [REPUBLICAN DIRECT GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT POWERS: UNCONSTRAINED]  & gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3 [DEMOCRATIC DIRECT GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT POWERS: CONSTRAINED] & gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4 [DEMOCRATIC DIRECT GUBERNATORIAL APPOINTMENT POWERS: UNCONSTRAINED]  ***




*** ESTIMATION OF MODELS B3 & B4: BENEFIT OVERPAYMENT ERROR DETECTION BY STATE UIP AGENCY-INITIATION [CLAIMANT-/NON-FRAUD] -- AMOUNTS IN 2010 CONSTANT-DOLLAR TERMS *** 


** MODEL B3 **

glm sai_detamt_clmtreal i.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B  electionyear econideol_median  publicunion_cov  unemp_rate  ln_uiadmin_budget_real ln_pop_size ln_clmterror_est ln_employerappeals_ct  i.state_numident i.year,  family(normal) link(log) vce(cluster state_numident)
*
estat ic
*
*
estimate store mB3
*
*
*


** MODEL B4 **

glm sai_detamt_clmtreal  i.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B  electionyear    econideol_median  publicunion_cov  unemp_rate  ln_uiadmin_budget_real ln_pop_size  ln_clmterror_est ln_employerappeals_ct  i.state_numident i.year if nonpartisan_gubapprove!=1,  family(normal) link(log) vce(cluster state_numident)
*
estat ic

*
estimate store mB4
*
*
*
*
*
*

estimates dir

*
*
*


***** WITHIN-OVERPAYMENT ERROR DETECTION ****** 

**# **** Interquartile Difference Summary [FULL SAMPLE]  

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $2,121,275.3 [FULL SAMPLE,gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1]
sum w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1, detail

global amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_1 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_1

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,196,565.5 [FULL SAMPLE,gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2]
sum w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2, detail

global amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_2 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_2

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,587,973.8  [FULL SAMPLE, gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3]
sum w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3, detail

global amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_3 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_3

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $2,994,951.9 [FULL SAMPLE,gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4]
sum w_sai_detamt_clmtreal if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4, detail

global amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_4 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_4


**# **** Interquartile Difference Summary [RESTRICTED SAMPLE]    

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $2,206,516 [RESTRICTED SAMPLE,gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1]
sum w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==1, detail

global amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_1 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_1

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,144,459  [RESTRICTED SAMPLE,gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2]
sum w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==2, detail

global amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_2 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_2

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,528,450.3  [RESTRICTED SAMPLE,gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3]
sum w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==3, detail

global amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_3 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_3

* w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.25 -->  w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_0.75 = $3,039,825.5 [RESTRICTED SAMPLE,gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4]
sum w_sai_detamt_clmtreal_omit if gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B==4, detail

global amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_4 = round(r(p75)-r(p25),1)
di $amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_4


** FIGURE B1 [MIDDLE PORTION: PARTISAN DISTINCTIONS]: UNCONDITIONAL MARGINAL PARTISAN GUBERNTORIAL APPOINTMENT EFFECTS [REPUBLICAN/DEMOCRATIC GOVERNORS WITH DIRECT APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY]: **


* Republican Direct Gubernatorial Appointment Powers: Constrained *

* [FULL SAMPLE] *     
estimate restore mB3
lincom 1.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_1  
matrix mB5 = 10, 2, 1, 1, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_1 

* [RESTRICTED SAMPLE] *   
estimate restore mB4
lincom 1.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_1
matrix mB6 = 11, 2, 2, 1, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_1

* Republican Direct Gubernatorial Appointment Powers: Unconstrained *

* [FULL SAMPLE] *    
estimate restore mB3
lincom 2.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_2
matrix mB7 = 13, 2, 1, 2, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_2


* [RESTRICTED SAMPLE] *    
estimate restore mB4
lincom 2.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_2
matrix mB8 = 14, 2, 2, 2, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_2

*
*
* Democratic Direct Gubernatorial Appointment Powers: Constrained *

* [FULL SAMPLE] *    
estimate restore mB3
lincom 3.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_2
matrix mB9 = 18, 3, 1, 1, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_2

 
* [RESTRICTED SAMPLE] *   
estimate restore mB4
lincom 3.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_2
matrix mB10 = 19, 3, 2, 1, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_2

*
*
*
*
* Democratic Direct Gubernatorial Appointment Powers: Unconstrained *

* [FULL SAMPLE] *  
estimate restore mB3
lincom 4.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_4
matrix mB11 = 21, 3, 1, 2, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_4


* [RESTRICTED SAMPLE] *   
estimate restore mB4
lincom 4.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_4
matrix mB12 = 22, 3, 2, 2, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_4
*
*



** FIGURE B1 [BOTTOM PORTION: PARTISAN DISTINCTIONS]: UNCONDITIONAL MARGINAL PARTISAN GUBERNTORIAL APPOINTMENT EFFECTS [REPUBLICAN-DEMOCRATIC GOV. APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY DIFFERENCE]: **
* Republican - Democratic Gov. Difference: Constrained & Unconstrained * 


estimate restore mB3
lincom 1.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_1 - 3.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_3

matrix mB13 = 27, 4, 1, 1, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_1or3


* Constrained &  Benefit Overpayment Error  (Restricted Sample)   
estimate restore mB4
lincom 1.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_1- 3.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_3

matrix mB14 = 28, 4, 2, 1, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_1or3


* Unconstrained & Benefit Overpayment Error (Full Sample)   
estimate restore mB3
lincom 2.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_2 - 4.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_4

matrix mB15 = 30, 4, 1, 2, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_2or4

* Unconstrained &  Benefit Overpayment Error  (Restricted Sample)    {JHH: NEED TO UPDATE}
estimate restore mB4
lincom 2.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_2 - 4.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_4

matrix mB16 = 31, 4, 2, 2, r(estimate), r(lb), r(ub), r(z), r(p)

di r(estimate)/$ctiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_2or4

*************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
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**  [NO GRAPHICS] ANCILLARY WITHIN-OVERPAYMENT ERROR DETECTION HYPOTHESES [REPUBLICAN/DEMOCRATIC GOVERNORS WITH DIRECT APPOINTMENT AUTHORITY] ***

* Republican Direct Gubernatorial Appointment Powers: Unconstrained versus Constrained *  

* [FULL SAMPLE] * ln_employerappeals_ct   
estimate restore mB3
lincom 2.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_2    - (1.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_1) 


*
*
* [RESTRICTED SAMPLE] * ln_employerappeals_ct 
estimate restore mB4
lincom 2.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_2   - (1.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_1)
*
*
*
*
 
* Democratic Direct Gubernatorial Appointment Powers: Unconstrained versus Constrained * 

* [FULL SAMPLE] * ln_employerappeals_ct  
estimate restore mB3
lincom 4.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_4    - (3.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_3) 
*
*
* [RESTRICTED SAMPLE] * ln_employerappeals_ct  
estimate restore mB4
lincom 4.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_4   - (3.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_3) 



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** NO GRAPHIC -- STATISTICAL INFORMATION TO INCLUDE IN TEXT OF APPENDIX C [EXTRA PAIRWISE COMPARISONS] **



** STATE AGENCY INITIATED CLAIMANT OVERPAYMENT ERRORS: Republican Constrained Governors with Direct Appointment Authority -  Democratic Constrained Governors with Direct Appointment Authority

* [FULL SAMPLE] *  
estimate restore mB3
lincom 1.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_1   - (3.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_3)
*
*
* [RESTRICTED SAMPLE] * 
estimate restore mB4
lincom 1.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_1   - (3.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_3)

*
*
*


** STATE AGENCY INITIATED CLAIMANT OVERPAYMENT ERRORS: Republican Unconstrained Governors with Direct Appointment Authority -  Democratic Unconstrained Governors with Direct Appointment Authority

* [FULL SAMPLE] *   
estimate restore mB3
lincom 2.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_2   - (4.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m1m3_rescaled3b_4)
*
*
* [RESTRICTED SAMPLE] *  
estimate restore mB4
lincom 2.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_2   - (4.gubapptauth_partisan_rescaled3B*$amtiqr_m2m4_rescaled3b_4)

*
*
*
*
*
*
cd "C:\Users\hongj\Dropbox\Administration of UI Programs in the American States (Ji-Hyeun Hong)\Administrative Inequality Bias (Paper #1)\JPART R&R\Statistics\Output Files"

esttab mB1 mB2 mB3 mB4 using AppendixB_TableB1.02-01-2026.rtf, ///
cells(b(star fmt(%9.3f)) se(par) p(fmt(3) par("[" "]"))) starl( * 0.10 ** 0.05 *** 0.010) label ///
nonumbers mtitles("Model B1" "Model B2" "Model B3" "Model B4")  ///
stats(year ll aic bic pseudor N, fmt(2)) replace


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save "C:\Users\hongj\Dropbox\Administration of UI Programs in the American States (Ji-Hyeun Hong)\Administrative Inequality Bias (Paper #1)\Data Replication File Materials (JPART)\Data\Statistical Database_admin_bias.APPENDIX B.02-01-2026.dta", replace




**# PUTEXCEL: ESTIMATES FOR FIGURE B1
matrix row1 = 1, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .
matrix row6 = 6, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .
matrix row7 = 7, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .
matrix row8 = 8, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .
matrix row9 = 9, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .

matrix row12 = 12, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .

matrix row15 = 15, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .
matrix row16 = 16, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .
matrix row17 = 17, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .

matrix row20 = 20, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .

matrix row23 = 23, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .
matrix row24 = 24, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .
matrix row25 = 25, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .
matrix row26 = 26, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .

matrix row29 = 29, ., ., ., ., ., ., ., .


matrix figB1 = row1\mB1\mB2\mB3\mB4\row6\row7\row8\row9\mB5\mB6\row12\mB7\mB8\row15\row16\row17\mB9\mB10\row20\mB11\mB12\row23\row24\row25\row26\mB13\mB14\row29\mB15\mB16
matrix colnames figB1= row partisan group constrained estimates lb ub z p-value
matrix list figB1

putexcel set "C:\Users\hongj\Dropbox\Administration of UI Programs in the American States (Ji-Hyeun Hong)\Administrative Inequality Bias (Paper #1)\JPART R&R\Statistics\Graphics Files\FigB1.02-01-2026.xlsx", sheet("lincomresults") replace
putexcel A1= matrix(figB1), colnames 


**************************************************************************
** Set Default Graphics Settings
set scheme stcolor, permanently
graph set svg fontface "Cambria Math"

**# Generate Graph "Figure B1"
import excel "C:\Users\hongj\Dropbox\Administration of UI Programs in the American States (Ji-Hyeun Hong)\Administrative Inequality Bias (Paper #1)\JPART R&R\Statistics\Graphics Files\FigB1.02-01-2026.xlsx", firstrow clear

set scheme stcolor
graph set window fontface "Cambria Math"

twoway (rcap lb ub row, lpattern(solid) horizontal) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==1 & group==1 & constrained==1, mcolor(black) msymbol(square) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==1 & group==2 & constrained==1, mcolor(black) msymbol(square_hollow) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==1 & group==1 & constrained==2, mcolor(black) msymbol(circle) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==1 & group==2 & constrained==2, mcolor(black) msymbol(circle_hollow) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==2 & group==1 & constrained==1, mcolor(red) msymbol(square) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==2 & group==2 & constrained==1, mcolor(red) msymbol(square_hollow) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==2 & group==1 & constrained==2, mcolor(red) msymbol(circle) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==2 & group==2 & constrained==2, mcolor(red) msymbol(circle_hollow) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==3 & group==1 & constrained==1, mcolor(blue) msymbol(square) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==3 & group==2 & constrained==1, mcolor(blue) msymbol(square_hollow) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==3 & group==1 & constrained==2, mcolor(blue) msymbol(circle) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==3 & group==2 & constrained==2, mcolor(blue) msymbol(circle_hollow) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==4 & group==1 & constrained==1, mcolor(purple) msymbol(square) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==4 & group==2 & constrained==1, mcolor(purple) msymbol(square_hollow) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==4 & group==1 & constrained==2, mcolor(purple) msymbol(circle) msize(medsmall)) ///
(scatter row estimates if partisan==4 & group==2 & constrained==2, mcolor(purple) msymbol(circle_hollow) msize(medsmall)) ///
, xline(0, lcolor(red) lpattern(shortdash))  ///
text(0.6 -4200000 "{bf:Gov. Direct Appointment (Binary)}",place(w) size(medsmall)) ///
text(6.5 -4300000 "{bf:Partisan Distinction}",place(w) size(medsmall)) ///
ylabel(2.2 "Constrained" 4 "Unconstrained" 8.2 "{bf: Republican Gov. Direct Appointment}" 10.5 "Constrained" 13.2 "Unconstrained"  16.2 "{bf: Democratic Gov. Direct Appointment}" 18.5 "Constrained" 21.2 "Unconstrained" 25.2 `" "{bf:Republican - Democratic Gov. Difference}" "' 27.5 "Constrained" 30.2 "Unconstrained" ///
,angle(0) labsize(medsmall) nogrid noticks) ///
legend(order(2 "Benefit Overpayment Error (Full Sample, Constrained)" 3 "Benefit Overpayment Error (Restricted Sample, Constrained)" 4 "Benefit Overpayment Error (Full Sample, Unconstrained)"  5 "Benefit Overpayment Error (Restricted Sample, Unconstrained)") pos(6) ring(2) cols(1) size(small))  ///
xlabel(-4000000 "-$4" -2000000 "-$2" 0 "$0" 2000000 "$2" 4000000 "$4", labsize(medium)) ///
yscale(reverse) graphregion(margin(l=3 r=10)) ysize(9)  xsize(11)  ///
title(" {bf:Figure B1 Appointment Authority Effects on}" "{bf: Agency Initiated Benefit Overpayment Error Detection}", size(large) span)  scale(0.75) ///
subtitle("(Unemployment Insurance Agency Heads in the American States, 2002-2021)", size(medsmall) span margin(b+4)) ///
xtitle("Agency Initiated Benefit Overpayment Detection (Constant 2010 Millions)", size(medsmall) margin(r=5)) ytitle("")
*
*
*

graph save "C:\Users\hongj\Dropbox\Administration of UI Programs in the American States (Ji-Hyeun Hong)\Administrative Inequality Bias (Paper #1)\JPART R&R\Statistics\Graphics Files\FigB1-02-01-2026.gph", replace



log close

